Uzroci depresije kod žena su : a) usamljenost i emocionalni doživljaji b) genetske anomalije c) biokemijski poremećaji d) endokrini poremećaji. U prošlom tekstu definirali smo a , sada ćemo se fokusirati na uzroke b, ci d
b) Koliko sam uspjela saznati, još uvijek nije pronađen uzrok kao što je genetska anomalija koja bi utjecala na pojavu depresije, ali se u istraživanjima genetskih čimbenika jest dokazalo da osobe koje u obitelji imaju nekog s bipolarnim poremećajem u rasponu od 10-20% imaju šanse da ga i oni dobiju.
c) Kada govorimo o biokemijskim procesimai depresiji mislimo na smanjenu razinu serotonina. Serotonin je poznata neurotransmiterska kemikalija, koja regulira funkcije poput fine mišićnekontrakcije, regulacije temperature, apetita, osjećaja boli, ponašanja, krvnog tlaka i disanja. Kada je u ravnoteži, daje osjećaj zadovoljstva i mentalne opuštenosti. Previše ili premalo serotonina dovodi do abnormalnih mentalnih stanja, poput depresije, agresije, prisilnog ponašanja, poremećaja spavanja, a važan je čimbenik u regulaciji osjećaja gladi. Eto zato smo često depresivne i vječito gladne, zbog glupog serotonina.
d) Endokrini poremećaji posebno su bitni ako znamo da se životni vijek žene sastoji od generativnih ciklusa dominantno određenih endokrinim faktorima, koji za posljedicu imaju brojne izmjene u psihosocijalnom funkcioniranju žene. Što mislimo kad kažemo endokrini? Endokrini sustav je sustav žlijezda s unutarnjim lučenjem, a produkti lučenja zovu se hormoni. Pritom su nam kod žena bitne nadbubrežna žlijezda koja luči adrenalin i noradrenalin te spolne žlijezde koje luče estrogen, progesteron i testosteron. Imamo tako noradrenalinsku teoriju koja govori da smanjena koncentracija noradrenalina dovodi do depresije, a što se tiče estrogena, progesterona i testosterona, spomenute, žena jednostavno, zbog neizbježnog procesa starenja, postupno počinje slabije proizvoditi, i tako lagano ulazi u klimakterij koji je između ostalog popraćen promjenama u raspoloženju.
U ovom dijelu, veliku ulogu igra menstrualno ciklično krvarenje, koje ženi otvara put u generativnu fazu njenog postojanja. Pojavom prve menstruacije žena stječe mogućnost rađanja i obnavljanja vrste. Početak, kao i prestanak menstruiranja sa sobom nosi brojne sociopsihološke implikacije, koje narušavaju emocionalnu i tjelesnu prirodu žene. Menstruacija kao pojava periodičnog krvarenja vezana je u iskonskom smislu za pitanje života. Simbolika u cikličnoj pojavi menstruacije odnosi se na to da žena ne umire, već se svakog mjeseca ponovo rađa i dobiva mogućnost da daruje život. Još je Hipokrat ukazao na postojanje promjena raspoloženja vezanih za menstrualni ciklus i nazvao ih je "melankolijom menstruacije", a ona se sve dobro znate manifestira: napetošću, nervozom, osjećajem skučenosti, anksioznošću, depresijom, tugom, plačljivosti, iritabilnosti, bijesom, porastom interpersonalnih konflikata, povišena spremnost da se reagira burno, češćim ispoljavanjem promiskuitetnog ponašanja, smetnjama pri spavanja, pad interesa za obavljanje uobičajenih aktivnosti (fakultet, posao, druženje sa prijateljima, hobiji), sniženom efikasnosti, problemima s koncentracijom, pospanošću, lakim zamaranjem ili značajnim gubitkom energije, subjektivni osjećajem neuspjeha (skrhanosti) ili gubitka kontrole.
Još jedan, možda i najznačajniji životni ciklus u žena je trudnoća i period neposredno nakon porođaja.I ovi životni ciklusi žene praćeni su burnim biološkim, prije svega hormonskim promjenama, ali i ozbiljnim psihosocijalnim promjenama, što ženu čini osjetljivom za pojavu psihičkih poremećaja. U 10-20% trudnica javlja se depresija, a u posebnom riziku su one žene koje su imale psihički poremećaj prije trudnoće, bračne ili partnerske nesuglasice, nepovoljne životne događaje, neželjenu trudnoću, lošu psihosocijalnu podršku od osoba iz okruženja, kao i negativne stavovi o sebi.
Poremećaj raspoloženja se nakon porođaja može javiti u dva oblika: postporođajna “praznina” i postporođajna depresija. Postporođajna “praznina” javlja se u preko 85% porodilja u periodu od 3 do 14 dana nakon porođaja i prolaznog je karaktera. Postporođajna depresija se javlja u 10 do 20% slučajeva i to u periodu od mjesec do 6 mjeseci nakon porođaja. Depresija u ovom periodu života se odlikuje specifičnošću kliničke slike: dominira anksioznost, strepnja i zabrinutost za zdravlje bebe, opsesivne misli, često agresivne, iritabilnost, psihoemocionalna iscrpljenost, teškoće sa spavanjem, želja da se pobjegne iz nepodnošljive situacije.
Termini menopauzai klimakterij se često smatraju sinonimima, mada predstavljaju dva različita fiziološka procesa s različitim psiho-socijalnim implikacijama. Menopauza je fiziološki događaj kojeg karakterizira prestanak menstruacije, koji se za većinu žena u europskom podneblju događa oko pedesete godine života, dok je klimakterij dugotrajan fiziološki proces uzrokovan slabljenjem rada jajnika. Period klimaksa može trajati i do 10 godina. Od svih ginekoloških fenomena, menopauza se najčešće povezuje sa psihološkim problemima, obzirom da je menopauza faktor broj jedan u psihičkim problemima žena srednjeg doba. Može doći do povećanog javljanja depresije, koja često može rezultirati i suicidom. Nesumnjiva je i uloga kulturoloških faktora. U našoj kulturi ženska seksualnost je dugo bila (a čini se da još uvijek jest) pod sjenom dvostrukog stereotipa, u kojem bila svedena na “produžetak vrste” i “mlado, lijepo tijelo”. Kako žena stari njeno tijelo se mijenja, a njena seksualna želja slabi, što je normalno, ali žena i dalje ima potrebu da bude lijepa i poželjna bar kao ljudsko biće. No, budući da naše društvo favorizira mlade, lijepe žene i da se u svaku reklamu i svaki film guraju samo mlade, lijepe žena, a žene u poodmakloj dobi se guraju u mrak, žene se u toj dobi mogu osjećati kao nevoljene, odbačene i suvišne. Žena u poodmakloj dobi suzbija svoje ljudske potrebe i prestajala bivati predmet koji je i dalje željan dodira, naklonosti i ljubavi.
I onda nam kažu: „ Smijte se!“. Da ne spominjem kako konstantno čujemo fraze kao što su: „Ženin najbolji modni dodatak je kad se smije.“ ili „Ljepša si kad se smiješ. Ali ja se ne mogu stalno smijati, zašto se moram stalno smijati? Ja imam pravo na emocije koje osjećam.
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Why are women depressed? - part 2
The causes of depressionin women are: a) loneliness and emotionalexperiences b) geneticanomalies c) biochemicaldisturbances d) endocrine disorders. In a previous article, we defined a, and now we will focus on the causes b, cand d
b) As much as I was able to find out, the cause such as genetic anomaly which would cause depression hasn’t been found yet, but studies of genetic factors provethat people who have a family member with bipolar disorderhave a chance in range of 10 to 20% of getting it too.
c) When we talk about the biochemical processes and depression, we refer to reduced level of serotonin. Serotonin is known neurotransmitter chemical which regulates functions such as fine muscle contraction, temperature regulation, appetite, feelings of pain, behavior, blood pressure and breathing. When in balance, it gives a sense of satisfaction and mental relaxation. Too much or too little serotonin leads to abnormal mental states, such as depression, aggression, involuntary behavior, sleep disorders, and it is also important factor in the regulation of hunger. That is why we are often depressed and perpetually hungry, because stupid serotonin.
d) Endocrine disordersare especially important if we know that lifetime of a women consists of generative cycles which are dominated by endocrine factors which as a result lead to major changes in psychosocial functioning of women. What do we mean when we say endocrine? The endocrine system is a system of glands with internal secretion and their products are called hormones. Especially important in women are adrenal glands which produce adrenaline and noradrenaline, and sex glands which produce estrogen, progesterone andtestosterone. So we have noradrenaline theory which says that low concentration of noradrenaline leads to depression, and as far as estrogen, progesterone and testosterone mentioned, women simply because ofthe inevitable aging process, gradually begin to produce less of these hormones, and so they gently enter menopause, which is accompanied by changes in mood among other things.
In this part, cyclic menstrual bleeding, which opens the way for a womanin generative phaseof her existence plays a huge role. With the appearance of the first menstruation a woman acquiresthe possibility of giving birth andrenewal of the species. Start and termination of periodic bleeding carries a number ofsocio-cultural implications, which damage emotional and physical nature of women. Menstruation as the occurrence of periodic bleeding is related to the primal sense of life. Symbolism in the cyclicalappearance of menstruation refers to the fact that women do not die, but theyreborn each month and they have the opportunity to give life. Even Hippocratesnoted the existence of mood changes associated with the menstrual cycle and called them a "melancholy of menstruation", and as we all well know it manifests with: tension, nervousness, feelingcramped, anxiety, depression, sadness, tearfulness, irritability, anger, increased interpersonal conflicts, increased readiness to react violently, frequent expression of promiscuous behavior, sleep disturbances, decrease of interest in performing usual activities (college, work, hanging out with friends, hobbies), reducedefficiency, problems with concentration, drowsiness, mild fatigueor significant loss of energy, the subjective sense of failureor loss of control...
Another, and perhaps the most important life cycle in women is pregnancy and the period immediately after birth. And these lifecycles of a woman are followed by the thunderousbiological, primarily hormonal changes, and severe psychosocial changes, which make a woman susceptible to the occurrence of mental disorders. Depression occurs in 10-20% of pregnant women, and in particular risk are those women who have had a mental disorder before pregnancy, marital or partnership disputes, adverselife events, unwanted pregnancy, poor psychosocial support from thepeople from their surrounding, as well as negative attitudes about themselves .
Mood disorders after childbirth can occur in two forms: postpartum "emptiness" and postpartum depression. Postpartum "emptiness"occurs in over 85% of mothers in the period from 3 to14 days after birth, and it has transient character. Postpartum depression occurs in 10 to 20% of cases and it occurs in the period of one month to six months after childbirth. Depression in this period of life has specific clinical features: dominant anxiety, anxiety and concern for the health of the baby, obsessive thoughts often aggressive, irritability, psycho-emotional exhaustion, difficulties with falling asleep, desire to escape from an unbearable situation.
Terms menopause and climacteriumare often considered to be synonymous, but represent two different physiological processes with various psycho-social implications. Menopause is a physiological event that is characterized by cessation of menstruation, which for most women in the European climate happens when they are about fifty while climacterium is a long physiological process caused by the weakening of the ovarian work. Period of climax can last up to 10 years. Of all the gynecologicalphenomenon, menopause is commonly associated with psychological problems, given that menopause is actor number one in mental health problems of women middle age. There can be increased occurrence of depression, which can often result in suicide. There is also no doubt about the role of cultural factors. In our culture, women's sexuality has long been (and it seems that it still is) under the shadow of double stereotypes, which reduce women to their role in reproduction and a "young, beautiful body." As a woman ages her body is changing, and her sexual desire weakens, which is normal, but womencontinue to feel the need to be beautiful and desirable, at leastas human beings. But because of the fact that our society favors young, beautiful women, that in each andevery film and advertisementthere are just young, beautiful women, and that women of older age are being pushed into the dark, womenin this age can feel unloved, rejected and redundant . Womenof older age suppresses their human needs and stop being a subject that is still eager to feel touch,affection and love.
And then theysay: "Laugh". Not to mention that we constantly hear phrases such as: "A woman's best accessory is when she smiles." or "You are more beautiful when you laugh”. But Ican’t always laugh, why do I always have to laugh?I have the right over my emotions.
text written by Iva
text edited by Iva
sources:
photos:
http://www.visualnews.com/2013/10/04/upon-time-intimate-bathtub-images-javier-campuzano/
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